One trait (that is unpublished) I don't mention often is the faint "commas" along the base of the outer primaries that many juvenile and some adult Goshawks show. The are not nearly as visible as the "commas" on Red-shouldered Hawks, and difficult to see in the field, so there are much better traits to rely on to identify Goshawks. But, with the innumerable images on line these days, it may come in handy for confirming the ID of some photos. Check out the pale area along the primaries on these Goshawks; Cooper's and Sharpies lack this, but I won't say ALL lack this because I know never to say "always", "never", "all", or "none" when it comes to raptor ID!